Ergonomía inclusiva y ajustes razonables en el ámbito laboral para personas con discapacidad física, sensorial y cognitiva: revisión bibliográfica.

Abstract

Inclusive ergonomics is understood as an approach aimed at adapting work systems to functional diversity while reducing barriers that may influence workers’ exposure to occupational risks, within this perspective, the review sought to examine the available scientific evidence concerning inclusive ergonomics and reasonable accommodations in workplaces for individuals with physical, sensory, and cognitive disabilities, taking into consideration ergonomic adaptations, barriers affecting implementation, and their implications for Occupational Safety and Health, a systematized literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PCC framework, through which 56 records were initially identified, after the removal of 6 duplicates, 50 full-text documents were assessed for eligibility, 7 were excluded with documented justification, and 43 publications were ultimately incorporated into the qualitative synthesis. The findings indicated that 95.3% of the selected publications were issued between 2019 and 2026, evidence concerning physical and motor disabilities was the most consistent and repeatedly highlighted accessibility, compatibility between individual characteristics and job demands, adjustable furniture, and musculoskeletal surveillance as relevant elements for workplace adaptation, in relation to hearing disabilities, accessible communication, visual supports, alternative alarm systems, and assistive technologies were identified as recurring measures, whereas evidence concerning visual disabilities emphasized the importance of safe routes and accessible signage, although the amount of specific evidence available for this population was comparatively limited, for intellectual disabilities and neurodivergence, the reviewed literature described the use of visual supports, structured tasks, and sensory stimulus control as relevant strategies for facilitating participation and reducing environmental barriers. Attitudinal, communication, and organizational barriers were identified across the different disability groups, indicating that effective workplace inclusion depends not only on the physical adaptation of workstations but also on the social, administrative, and communicational conditions that shape the work environment, the evidence showed considerable heterogeneity, with a predominance of descriptive studies, case reports, and grey literature, which limits the possibility of establishing broadly generalizable conclusions and highlights the need for further applied research, based on the findings, reasonable accommodations should be individualized according to the characteristics and requirements of each worker, developed through participatory processes, and incorporated into Occupational Safety and Health management systems, with systematic follow-up procedures capable of assessing their effectiveness and identifying the need for modifications according to changes in the worker, the task, or the work environment.