Evaluación del impacto de la preeclampsia en la salud cardiovascular de mujeres gestantes de 25 años en adelante en el Hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo durante el período comprendido entre enero del 2024 a abril del 2024.

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disease affecting 5-7% of pregnant women, typically appearing after the 20th week of gestation and posing significant risks to both mother and fetus. The precise relationship between preeclampsia and the acceleration of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. Methodology: The study will be observational, retrospective and longitudinal, focusing on women aged 25 years and older diagnosed with preeclampsia between January 2020 and April 2024 at the Teodoro Maldonado Carbo Hospital. Using medical records and hospital databases, data on the diagnosis of preeclampsia and subsequent cardiovascular health of patients will be analyzed. Results: The study included 110 mixed-race women with an average age of 33.1 years, revealed a homogeneous demographic profile and no tobacco or alcohol consumption, which could have positively influenced health outcomes. The prevalence of maternal-fetal complications was low (25%), but 21.8% had gestational diabetes. Although 59.1% had a family history of cardiovascular disease, no significant association with preeclampsia was found (p = 0.459). Most patients were classified as having low cardiovascular risk according to the RISK SCORE and Framingham scales. However, a small proportion had moderate risk according to the RISK SCORE, indicating the need for individual follow-ups. The analysis revealed significant associations between age and RISK SCORE, highlighting that cardiovascular risk increases with age and becomes more variable in those over 40 years of age. In addition, a significant positive correlation between cholesterol levels and RISK SCORE (coefficient of 0.260, p = 0.003) underlines the importance of cholesterol control. The results suggest that, although the overall cardiovascular risk profile is low, it is crucial to implement preventive strategies from early stages and maintain rigorous control of factors such as cholesterol and gestational diabetes to mitigate future risks. Conclusion: The study reveals a generally low cardiovascular risk profile in mestizo women with a healthy lifestyle, but highlights the importance of individualized monitoring, especially in those with risk factors such as advanced age, high cholesterol levels and gestational diabetes. These findings underscore the need for early preventive strategies and close control of these factors to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in the future.