Perfil epidemiológico de las cardiopatías congénitas en pacientes menores de 5 años, valorados en el hospital Dr. Roberto Gilbert de enero 2017 a diciembre 2020.

Abstract

Introduction: Congenital heart diseases are anomalies that generate malformations in the heart; worldwide, this disease affects 1 in 33 infants. In Ecuador, this disease affects 8 out of every 1,000 children, of which 75% need some type of treatment throughout their lives, while 50% need care during the first year of life. Therefore, it is important to know the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was carried out in patients under 5 years of age with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease evaluated at the Dr. Roberto Gilbert Hospital from January 2017 to December 2020. Results: A total of 1,273 patients under five years of age with congenital heart disease were analyzed; it was found that 81% of the cases were non-cyanosing congenital heart disease and 19% were cyanotic heart disease. The cases occurred more in female patients with 51% of the total cases, in the age group distribution the newly born occupied first place with 55% of the cases, the prenatal diagnosis was made in 4.2% of the patients, the main clinical manifestations were murmur, tachypnea and cyanosis. The most frequent syndrome was Down syndrome, which occurred in 14.1% of patients. The maternal risk factors most related to congenital heart disease were gestational diabetes and high blood pressure. The heart diseases with the highest mortality were complex heart diseases, transposition of the great vessels and total anomalous venous drainage of the pulmonary veins. Conclusions: non-cyanosing congenital heart diseases are the most frequent, the diagnosis is made at an early age, only a small percentage is diagnosed in the prenatal period, the majority of patients require corrective surgery, pulmonary hypertension is the main complication, survival It is high when it comes to single heart diseases.