Relación entre las complicaciones de leucemia linfoblástica aguda y mortalidad en menores de 15 años en el Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco de Icaza Bustamante, período 2020 -2022.

Abstract

Introduction: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a pediatric oncological disease that presents a high incidence of serious complications, significantly impacting mortality in children under 15 years of age. This study focuses on analyzing these complications and their relationship with in-hospital mortality. Objective: identify the relationship between the complications of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and mortality in children under 15 years of age at the Children's Hospital during the period 2020-2022. Methodology: a retrospective study was carried out, analyzing the medical records of patients under 15 years of age with ALL treated between 2020 and 2022. Complications were identified and categorized, and the mortality rate was calculated, differentiating between early mortality (less than 48 hours) and late (48 hours or more). Statistical techniques were used to determine the correlation between the number of complications and mortality. Results: 125 complication events were recorded, the most frequent being unspecified sepsis (12.15%), confirmed COVID-19 and secondary thrombocytopenia (6.54% each). The overall mortality rate was 15.2%, with a higher incidence of deaths in the period of more than 48 hours. Patients aged 6 to 10 years had the highest total mortality, and the province of Guayas recorded the highest number of late deaths. The positive correlation (0.262) between complications and mortality was significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: the study shows a strong relationship between ALL complications and in-hospital mortality in children under 15 years of age. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary clinical management to reduce mortality in this population. Implementation of specific strategies and future research may improve the care and survival of patients with ALL.